Top Reading Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers PDF
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Reading Comprehension Practice Test 1
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First Reading Comprehension for Bank exams
Passage - 1 : - On March 11, the Supreme Court unequivocally repudiated a petition filed by the State Bank of India (SBI), which sought an extension until June 30 to divulge comprehensive data regarding electoral bonds. The apex court mandated that the SBI furnish the requisite information to the Election Commission (EC) by March 12, and in turn, directed the poll body to disseminate the details publicly on its official website by 5 p.m. on March 15.
SBI contended that the additional time was imperative to meticulously reconcile the identities of bond purchasers with the corresponding political entities that encashed them. However, the judiciary dismissed this justification, asserting that critical details—such as the identities of bond purchasers, the denominations of the bonds, and the political beneficiaries—were readily ascertainable and did not necessitate intricate cross-referencing.
The inaugural issuance of electoral bonds transpired in March 2018. Since the scheme’s inception, the SBI has facilitated the issuance of electoral bonds amounting to a staggering ₹16,518 crore across 30 tranches.
In an interim directive dated April 12, 2019, the Supreme Court mandated political parties to submit comprehensive records of donations received via electoral bonds in a sealed cover to the Election Commission. On March 11, 2024, the court further decreed that this data be expeditiously made available in the public domain through the EC’s website.
Sources within the commission disclosed on Tuesday that, pursuant to judicial directives, they would also unveil pre-2019 data in a systematic, phase-wise manner, ensuring compliance with the court’s stipulation by March 15, concurrently with the SBI disclosures.
As per the stipulations delineated in the Electoral Bond Scheme, 2018, an electoral bond functions as a promissory note, inherently bearer in nature. A bearer instrument, by definition, lacks any inscribed ownership particulars—neither the buyer’s identity nor the payee’s details are recorded—thus rendering the holder, namely the political party, its presumptive proprietor. These financial instruments necessitate redemption within a strict timeframe of 15 days, failing which they lapse into redundancy.
Questions : -
1. What was the Supreme Court’s directive to the Election Commission regarding electoral bond data?
a) To submit it in a sealed cover to the government
b) To publish it on its website by March 15 at 5 p.m.
c) To return the data to SBI for verification
d) To disclose only post-2019 data to the public
2. Why did SBI seek an extension until June 30 for data disclosure?
a) It needed government approval for the release
b) It had misplaced some records of bond transactions
c) It claimed additional time was required to match bond purchasers with political parties
d) It was waiting for a legal ruling on electoral bond validity
3. According to the passage, what is a key characteristic of an electoral bond?
a) It carries the name of both buyer and payee
b) It must be encashed within 30 days
c) It is a bearer instrument with no recorded ownership details
d) It is issued only to government-approved political parties
4. Choose the word that is similar in meaning to repudiated as used in the passage.
a) Accepted
b) Rejected
c) Emphasized
d) Validated
5. Select the word that is opposite in meaning to expenditious (related to expeditiously in the passage).
a) Swift
b) Deliberate
c) Efficient
d) Prompt
6. Which of the following is the synonym of stipulation ?
a) Agreement
b) Condition
c) Prohibition
d) Freedom
7. Which of the following antonym of ascertainable ?
a) Unverifiable
b) Transparent
c) Confirmed
d) Explicit
8. What is the predominant tone of the passage?
a) Persuasive and biased
b) Informative and formal
c) Humorous and sarcastic
d) Emotional and subjective
9. Which of the following statements does NOT belong to the group?
a) The Supreme Court rejected SBI’s plea for an extension.
b) The Election Commission was ordered to release data on electoral bonds.
c) Electoral bonds contain the full details of the buyer and payee.
d) SBI was asked to submit data to the Election Commission by March 12.
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the passage?
a) Electoral bonds are issued as promissory notes.
b) The Supreme Court first intervened in the matter in 2023.
c) The bonds must be redeemed within 15 days of issuance.
d) SBI has issued electoral bonds worth ₹16,518 crore.
Passage - 2 : - Tamil Nadu's fiscal liabilities from open market borrowings were recorded at a staggering ₹6,00,993 crore as of March 31, 2024, as per the Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2023-24, released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The state's total liabilities encompass a multifaceted array of debt instruments, including market loans, ways and means advances (WMA) from the RBI, special securities issued to the National Small Savings Fund (NSSF), and borrowings from various financial institutions. Additionally, it includes loans and advances from the Central Government and Public Account Liabilities, as highlighted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
When factoring in UDAY bonds, borrowings from commercial banks, financial institutions, and the Centre, Tamil Nadu’s aggregate outstanding liabilities escalated to ₹8,34,544 crore as of March 31, 2024. This marks a significant increase from the previous fiscal year, where the outstanding liabilities stood at ₹7,41,498 crore as of March 31, 2023, demonstrating a marked deterioration in the state's fiscal health.
To mitigate revenue-expenditure asymmetries, Tamil Nadu, akin to other states, resorts to open market borrowings through the issuance of State Development Loans (SDLs), which are auctioned by the RBI. The State Finances Audit Report by the CAG for the fiscal year ending March 2023, tabled in the legislative assembly, delineated the repayment obligations associated with both principal and interest of the extant market loans over the ensuing decade (2023-24 onwards). According to this audit, the cumulative interest liability is projected at ₹28,263.67 crore, whereas the principal repayment obligations are estimated at a colossal ₹3,75,951.97 crore during this period.
In consonance with the State Budget 2024-25, Tamil Nadu intends to mobilize fresh borrowings amounting to ₹1,55,584.48 crore in the upcoming fiscal year. Conversely, debt servicing through repayment is estimated at ₹49,638.82 crore, reflecting a calibrated approach to liability management. As a consequence, the state’s total outstanding debt by the conclusion of FY 2024-25 is anticipated to reach ₹8,33,361.80 crore, translating to a formidable 26.41% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for 2024-25.
Further compounding the state's debt profile is the issue of sovereign guarantees. As per RBI data, Tamil Nadu's total outstanding guarantees stood at ₹90,451.5 crore as of March 31, 2024. The previous fiscal year witnessed marginally higher outstanding guarantees at ₹90,709.22 crore as of March 31, 2023, representing 43.72% of the total revenue receipts for FY 2021-22 (₹2,07,492.40 crore) and 3.84% of the GSDP (₹23,64,514 crore at current prices), as outlined by the CAG report.
Given the relentless expansion of fiscal obligations, Tamil Nadu's debt sustainability necessitates stringent fiscal consolidation measures, improved revenue mobilization, and enhanced expenditure rationalization. A burgeoning debt stock, coupled with high interest burdens, underscores the exigency for prudent financial stewardship to avert potential macroeconomic vulnerabilities. The state's growing reliance on market borrowings necessitates a judicious balancing act to maintain fiscal prudence while sustaining developmental expenditures.
Questions : -
1. What was Tamil Nadu’s outstanding liability from open market borrowings as of March 31, 2024?
a) ₹8,34,544 crore
b) ₹7,41,498 crore
c) ₹6,00,993 crore
d) ₹1,55,584.48 crore
2. According to the CAG, which of the following is NOT included in the State’s liabilities?
a) Market loans
b) Loans from financial institutions
c) Foreign direct investments
d) Special securities issued to National Small Savings Fund
3. What percentage of Tamil Nadu’s GSDP did the outstanding debt constitute in 2024-25?
a) 26.41%
b) 43.72%
c) 3.84%
d) 35.29%
4. Choose the correct synonym of "liabilities" as used in the passage.
a) Responsibilities
b) Revenues
c) Benefits
d) Exemptions
5. Choose the correct antonym of "outstanding" as used in the passage.
a) Due
b) Settled
c) Arrears
d) Unfinished
6. Choose the correct synonym of "repayment" as used in the passage.
a) Forfeiture
b) Refund
c) Expenditure
d) Accumulation
7. Choose the correct antonym of "borrow" as used in the passage.
a) Acquire
b) Obtain
c) Repay
d) Retain
8. What is the tone of the passage?
a) Optimistic
b) Analytical
c) Humorous
d) Subjective
9. Statements:
1) Tamil Nadu’s outstanding liabilities from open market borrowings stood at ₹6,00,993 crore as of March 31, 2024.
2) The State Finances Audit Report provided details of the market loan repayment for the next ten years.
3) The Tamil Nadu government plans to borrow ₹1,25,000 crore during 2024-25.
Which of the following is/are correct?
a) Only 1 and 2
b) Only 2 and 3
c) Only 1
d) Only 3
10. Statements:
1) The RBI auctions State Development Loans for states including Tamil Nadu.
2) Tamil Nadu’s outstanding guarantees at the end of March 31, 2024, were ₹90,451.5 crore.
3) The liabilities of Tamil Nadu include only market loans and financial institution loans.
Which of the following is/are correct?
a) Only 1 and 2
b) Only 2 and 3
c) Only 1
d) Only 3
Passage - 3 : - Sixty-eight eminent Nobel laureates spanning the domains of chemistry, medicine, economics, and physics dispatched a fervently worded communiqué on Wednesday to Argentine President Javier Milei, articulating profound apprehension that the draconian retrenchment of financial allocations for scientific and technological endeavors will irreparably stymie Argentina’s developmental trajectory and enervate its stature within the global intellectual arena.
Among these esteemed intellectuals are the illustrious British mathematician Roger Penrose and the distinguished American virologist Harvey J. Alter, who underscored the “precipitous and cataclysmic contraction” in budgetary provisions for Argentina’s National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) as well as for its venerable national universities—institutions that have historically served as crucibles of innovation and reservoirs of erudition.
“We bear witness to the inexorable descent of Argentina’s scientific and technological apparatus toward an ominous chasm, and we are profoundly disheartened by the cascading ramifications this exigency portends, not merely for the Argentine populace but for the entirety of human civilization,” the signatories lamented in the impassioned epistle perused by Reuters.
This distinguished collective accentuated the indelible imprint of Argentine scientific acumen on groundbreaking advancements in oncological therapeutics, diabetes pathophysiology, and cardiovascular pathology—an enduring legacy now teetering on the precipice of dissolution.
A nation boasting five Nobel Prize recipients, Argentina has long basked in a luminous scientific heritage, an intellectual lineage inextricably intertwined with the prodigious contributions of CONICET and its exalted public universities, whose institutional integrity now stands imperiled by Milei’s radical fiscal policies.
Milei, an unabashed libertarian who, in his campaign rhetoric, pledged to wield a metaphorical "chainsaw" against public expenditures, has, with unbridled fervor, enacted sweeping austerity measures that have eviscerated funding for these foundational establishments.
The Nobel laureates, in an unequivocal repudiation of these fiscal contractions, expounded upon Argentina’s indomitable spirit in the realm of scientific ingenuity—an ethos manifest in the nation’s autonomous development of a COVID-19 vaccine, the successful deployment of communication satellites, and the engineering of cutting-edge nuclear reactors. These feats, made feasible through unwavering governmental patronage of fundamental research, now face an existential quandary.
In a fervent plea, the signatories exhorted Milei to reassess the deleterious ramifications of these budgetary excisions, lest Argentina’s scientific and technological hegemony be irrevocably vitiated, precipitating an intellectual nadir from which recuperation may prove insurmountably arduous.
Questions: -
1. What was the primary concern expressed by the 68 Nobel laureates in their letter to Argentine President Javier Milei?
a) The privatization of Argentina’s scientific institutions
b) The appointment of foreign scientists in Argentina
c) The lack of international collaboration in Argentine research
d) The severe reduction in funding for science and technology
2. Which of the following institutions faced drastic budget cuts under Milei’s administration?
a) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
b) National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)
c) World Health Organization (WHO)
d) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
3. According to the passage, what scientific contributions has Argentina made due to government funding?
a) Discovering a cure for cancer
b) Establishing the first space station in South America
c) Launching communication satellites and developing nuclear reactors
d) Creating the world’s largest scientific research facility
4. Statements:
1) The Nobel laureates warned that Argentina’s science and technology sector is facing an imminent crisis.
2) Argentina has historically made significant scientific contributions, including advancements in medical research.
3) Milei increased the budget for public universities to support higher education.
Which of the following is/are correct?
a) Only 1 and 2
b) Only 2 and 3
c) Only 1
d) Only 3
5. Statements:
1) The Nobel laureates’ letter was written in support of Milei’s budget policies.
2) Argentina has developed its own COVID-19 vaccine and launched satellites.
3) The scientists urged Milei to reconsider the funding cuts to avoid negative consequences.
Which of the following is/are correct?
a) Only 1 and 2
b) Only 2 and 3
c) Only 1
d) Only 3
Reading Comprehension Passage with Answers : -
Passage - 1 : -
1 - b) To publish it on its website by March 15 at 5 p.m.
2 - c) It claimed additional time was required to match bond purchasers with political parties
3 - c) It is a bearer instrument with no recorded ownership details
4 - b) Rejected
5 - b) Deliberate
6 - b) Condition
7 - a) Unverifiable
8 - b) Informative and formal
9 - c) Electoral bonds contain the full details of the buyer and payee.
10 - b) The Supreme Court first intervened in the matter in 2023.
Passage - 2 : -
1 - c) ₹6,00,993 crore
2 - c) Foreign direct investments
3 - a) 26.41%
4 - a) Responsibilities
5 - b) Settled
6 - b) Refund
7 - c) Repay
8 - b) Analytical
9 - a) Only 1 and 2
10 - a) Only 1 and 2
Passage - 3 : -
1 - d) The severe reduction in funding for science and technology
2 - b) National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)
3 - c) Launching communication satellites and developing nuclear reactors
4 - a) Only 1 and 2
5 - b) Only 2 and 3
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